Predominantly laminated lake sediments from a saline closed-basin lake on the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau were investigated using a multi-proxy approach (14C-accelerator mass spec-trometry dating, smear-slide analysis, loss on ignition, grain size, X-ray diffraction, elemental concentration, ostracod assemblages, stable isotopes of ostracod shells) to trace the regional environmental and climatic history in the Lateglacial and Holocene. Before about 15cal.ka BP, small saline water bodies probably filled the basin under unstable cold and harsh environmental conditions. Soon after about 14.9cal. ka BP,a relatively deep saline lake was established, probably as a result of runoff from melting snow, ice and frozen ground in the lake's catchment. Large changes in flux of aeolian material to the lake were recorded during this initial period of formation of Lake Kuhai. Highest lake levels, a low sediment accumulation rate and less saline conditions were maintained between about 12.8 and 7.1cal.ka BP when the aeolian influx diminished significantly. After about 7.1cal.ka BP, the aeolian influx remained at a moderate level apart from a strongly increased dust delivery to the lake between about 6.1 and 5.4cal.ka BP and a minor short-lived period of slightly enhanced aeolian influx at about 2.7cal.ka BP. The strongly enhanced dust input to the lake between 6.1 and 5.4cal.ka BP represented the largest influx of aeolian material to Lake Kuhai during the entire Holocene. However, evidence for climatic deterioration during this period is not seen at most other palaeoclimate sites on the Tibetan Plateau, but instead a significant increase in aridity has been recorded at numerous sites in the northern foreland of the Tibetan Plateau and on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The large dust input to Lake Kuhai between 6.1 and 5.4cal.ka BP probably did not result from a severe climate deterioration on the Tibetan Plateau itself, but from the pronounced aridity in its northern and eastern foreland. In contrast, the increaseindust influx about 2.7 cal.kaBP seems tocorrespondtoa brief warming spell recorded at other sites on the Tibetan Plateau too. A slight increase in lake level and decrease in salinity after about 0.6cal.ka BP suggests a slightly higher effective moisture during the final lake stage, accompanied by a some what larger dust in flux. This apparent contradiction possibly results from enhanced human activities on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the last 600 years. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.