In fall 1995, during a survey in Abrolhos coral reef system (southwestern Atlantic, Brazil), significant densities (143–6174 cells L−1) of small thecate dinoflagellates were detected. Analysis of this material in scanning and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of four taxa assigned to the potentially toxic genus Azadinium: A. dexteroporum Percopo et Zingone, A. luciferelloides Tillmann et Akselman, A. cf. polongum Tillmann and Azadinium sp. The latter taxon showed external morphological features quite distinct from any Azadinium taxon yet described, but its formal description as a new species depends on more detailed analysis. Species of Azadinium have never been confirmed in Brazilian waters until now, although the toxins produced by these dinoflagellates, the azaspiracids, have been detected in Brazilian southern coast without recognition of their producing organisms. The highest densities of Azadinium spp. occurred at stations south of and over the Abrolhos Bank, which receive higher nutrient concentrations due to upwelling of deep and nutrient-rich water masses.