Temperature and light are important factors affecting production in the aquaculture industry, as they can drive behaviour and physiological responses of free-swimming larval stages. However, the influence of light on crustacean farming has received little consideration. The common spider crab Maja brachydactyla Balss, 1922 has a great potential for aquaculture because of the easy maintenance, high fecundity, and short larval development. In order to optimize larval culture techniques, we quantified the influence of temperature and light on larval survival, development, and elemental (carbon and nitrogen) body composition. Constant darkness resulted in longer developmental time as compared with daily light photoperiod (6–16 light hours). Larvae reared under constant darkness showed also reduced dry mass, carbon and nitrogen content, and C:N ratio. We also found carry-over effects of light conditions: constant darkness experienced during the zoeal stage led to increased developmental time in the megalopa stage. Temperature and light showed additive effects. We optimized the larval culture of M. brachydactyla requiring around 14 days from hatch to first juvenile by keeping cultures under 21 ± 1°C and light sources simulating the daily light cycle.