In the Arabian Sea, productivity in the surface waters and particle flux to the deep sea are controlled by monsoonal winds. The flux maxima during the South-West (June-September) and the North-East Monsoon (December-March) are some of the highest particle fluxes recorded with deep-sea sediment traps in the open ocean. Benthic microbial biomass and activities in surface sediments were measured for the first time in March 1995 subsequent to the NE-monsoon and in October 1995 subsequent to the SW-monsoon. These measurements were repeated in April/May 1997 and February/March 1998, at a total of six stations from 1920 to 4420 m water depth. This paper presents a summary on the regional and temporal variability of microbial biomass, production, enzyme activity, degradation of 14C-labeled Synechococcus material as well as sulfate reduction in the northern, western, eastern, central and southern Arabian deep sea. We found a substantial regional variation in microbial biomass and activity, with highest values in the western Arabian Sea (station WAST), decreasing approximately threefold to the south (station SAST). Benthic microbial biomass and activity during the NE-monsoon was as high or higher than subsequent to the SW-monsoon, indicating a very rapid turnover of POC in the surface sediments. This variation in the biomass and activity of the microbial assemblages in the Arabian deep sea can largely be explained by the regional and temporal variation in POC flux. Compared to other abyssal regions, the substantially higher benthic microbial biomasses and activities in the Arabian Sea reflect the extremely high productivity of this tropical basin. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.